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Hong Kong–Mainland conflict
The Hong Kong–Mainland conflict or Hong Kong–China conflict () refers to tensions between people from Hong Kong and mainland China, which have developed since the handover of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China in 1997, and in particular since the late 2000s and early 2010s. Various factors have contributed to the development of such tensions: these include a difference between the popular interpretation in Hong Kong of the "One country, two systems" constitutional principle as against the Chinese government's official interpretation; policies of the Hong Kong and central governments to encourage mainland visitors to Hong Kong; and changing economic environments in Hong Kong and mainland China. Increasingly, these tensions have resulted in a rising sentiment in Hong Kong of hostility to "mainlanders" and resentment at a perceived trend towards assimilation and interference from the mainland and the central government, and at the same time a rising sentiment in mainland China of bewilderment and resentment at assertions that Hong Kong is, and should remain, different from the mainland in terms of political system, culture and language.〔( "The difficult relationship between 香港人 and 大陸人 (Hong Kong people and mainland Chinese)" ). 2 February 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2014〕
==Background==
The sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China in 1997. The terms agreed between the governments for the transfer included a series of guarantees for the maintenance of Hong Kong's differing economic, political and legal systems after the transfer, and the further development of Hong Kong's political system with a goal of democratic government. These guarantees were set out in the Sino-British Joint Declaration and enshrined in the semi-constitutional Basic Law of Hong Kong. Initially, many Hong Kongers were enthusiastic about Hong Kong's return to China. However, tension has arisen between Hong Kong residents and the mainland, and in particular the central government, since 1997, and especially in the late 2000s and early 2010s.〔Charles, Custer ( "China vs. Hong Kong" ). "About News". Retrieved 30 October 2014〕 The Hong Kong government has implemented some controversial policies, for instance, the Individual Visit Scheme and the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.〔("The Challenges to Hong Kong’s "Greater China Mentality" ). "HKIEDNews". Jul 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2014〕 Chin (2011) argues that since the Hong Kong government failed to force through the legislation to implement Article 23 of the Basic Law, Beijing's relatively hands-off approach to Hong Kong changed dramatically. The PRC's strategy became aimed at trying to dissolve the city-state boundary of Hong Kong in the name of economic rejuvenation and ostensibly to strengthen socio-economic ties with the mainland.〔Hung, Ho-fung. ("Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong" ). ''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', Vol. 12; Issue 44, No. 1; 3 November 2014.〕 The central government has adopted increasingly strong rhetoric perceived to be attacking Hong Kong's political and legal systems, such as releasing a report in 2014 that asserts that Hong Kong's judiciary should be subordinate to, and not independent of, the government.〔"(Chinese government reminds Hong Kong 'who's the real boss' with white paper spelling out its interpretation of the region's 'one country, two systems' model )", ''The Independent'' 12 June 2014〕 The Basic Law and the Sino-British Joint Declaration guarantee the development of Hong Kong's electoral system towards universal suffrage, but the electoral system offered to Hong Kong by the central government in 2014-2015 was widely perceived as falling short of genuinely democratic.〔"(What will Hong Kong's political reform vote mean? )", ''The Guardian'' 16 June 2015〕
Hong Kong has more international cultural values from its past as a British colony and international city, and at the same time has retained many traditional Chinese cultural values, putting it in stark contrast to the culture of many parts of mainland China, where many international cultural values have never taken root and where many traditional cultural values have been lost.〔Charles, Custer ( "China vs. Hong Kong" ). "About News". Retrieved 27 October 2014〕 Hong Kong is also a multi-ethnic society with different cultural values in relation to race, languages and cultures to those held by the Chinese government and many mainland residents. As a highly developed economy with a high standard of living, Hong Kong culture has different values in relation to hygiene and social propriety compared to some parts of mainland China. Hong Kong-mainland conflict is mainly attributed to the cultural differences〔Yang, Joey ("Why living in Hong Kong as mainland Chinese is no piece of cake" ). ''South China Morning Post''. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2014〕 between Hong Kong people and mainlanders, such as languages,〔Li, Amy ("Is using simplified Chinese a sin? Hong Kong actor triggers war of words" ). ''South China Morning Post''. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014〕 as well as the significant growth in number of mainland visitors. Since the implementation of Individual Visit Scheme〔("Individual Visit Scheme" ). Tourism Commission. 30 May 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014〕 on 28 July 2003, the number of mainland visitors increased from 6.83 million in 2002 to 40.7 million in 2013, according to the statistics provided by the Hong Kong Tourism Board.〔("Visitor Arrival Statistics on December 2002" ). Hong Kong Tourism Board. December 2002. Retrieved 25 October 2014〕〔("Tourism Performance in 2013" ). Tourism Commission. 10 April 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014〕 The conflict associates to issues regarding the allocation of resources between mainlanders and Hong Kong people in different sectors, such as healthcare and education.〔沈帥青 ("搶完床位爭學位 怎令港媽息怒？" ). ''HK Economic Times''. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2014〕
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